Covariance & CorrelationTwo measures of joint variation, and the dependence neither one sees.MathematicsCovariance measures joint variation in the originalunits; correlation rescales it to lie between −1 and 1.Cov(X, Y) = E[XY] − E[X]E[Y] · ρ = Cov/(σX σY)ρ = 1Exact positive linear fitAll points on a line.X and Y independentCov(X, Y) = 0The converse fails.Y = X² on [−1, 1]ρ = 0Dependent, uncorrelated.THE COMMON MISTAKEReading ρ = 0 as independenceρ = 0 rules out linear association onlyCorrelation measures straight-line association. A perfect parabola through theorigin has correlation zero and complete dependence.Correlation is not causation, and it is not a slope either. It is scale-free; aregression coefficient is not. Educational reference.Covariance & Correlationlearnposters.com
Covariance & Correlation — printable math wall chart from LearnPosters. Free vector PDF, US Letter and A4.

What’s on the Covariance & Correlation poster

The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes.

Correlation is not causation, and it is not a slope either. It is scale-free; a regression coefficient is not. Educational reference.

Questions about the Covariance & Correlation poster

What’s on the Covariance & Correlation poster?
The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Covariance measures joint variation in the original units; correlation rescales it to…; Cov(X, Y) = E[XY] − E[X]E[Y] · ρ = Cov/(σX σY); ρ = 1 = Exact positive linear fit; X and Y independent = Cov(X, Y) = 0; Y = X² on [−1, 1] = ρ = 0; Common mistake: Reading ρ = 0 as independence → ρ = 0 rules out linear association only. Correlation is not causation, and it is not a slope either. It is scale-free; a regression coefficient is not. Educational reference.
Who is the Covariance & Correlation poster for?
Covariance & Correlation belongs to the Mathematics section rather than to a school year, because math is not something one grade owns. Anyone learning probability & statistics can pin it up — a beginner, a student mid-course, or someone revising years later.
When should you use the Covariance & Correlation poster?
Before reading anything into a correlation coefficient. A wall chart earns its place by being glanceable from where the work is happening, so Covariance & Correlation belongs on the wall where that math work actually happens, within glancing distance, rather than filed away.
What other posters go with Covariance & Correlation?
Bayes' Theorem, Central Limit Theorem and Conditional Probability sit alongside Covariance & Correlation in the Mathematics section. Printed together they make a wall rather than a single sheet, which is how a reference set actually gets used.Bayes' TheoremCentral Limit TheoremConditional Probability
Is the Covariance & Correlation poster free to download and print?
Yes. Covariance & Correlation downloads as a free PDF with no account, no email and no watermark, like everything else in the Mathematics section. Print as many copies as you like for a home, a classroom, a library or a tutoring group; reselling the file is the only thing the licence rules out.Read the licence
What size does the Covariance & Correlation poster print at?
Covariance & Correlation is a vector PDF laid out for US Letter, and prints on A4 with Fit to page — the same file, no separate download. Because every mark on it is drawn rather than photographed, it stays sharp enlarged to A3, A2 or A1 at a copy shop. Colour carries emphasis only, so a greyscale print of Covariance & Correlation loses nothing.Printing guide

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